AES: A Gain to Africa or a Complexity? Examining the Pros and Cons of Military Regimes in West Africa’s Sahel.

By Raymond Enoch

In recent years, West Africa’s Sahel region has experienced a dramatic shift in political power, with military regimes increasingly taking control of democratic governments in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger. These coups have sparked significant debate: Are these military incursions a step toward progress for Africa or a complex challenge with far-reaching consequences? The answer lies in analyzing both the military regimes’ justifications and the broader regional impact on governance, security, and economic cooperation.

The Sahel countries, particularly Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger, have faced increasing instability over the last decade, marked by violent extremism, ethnic violence, and the collapse of state authority in many regions. The military’s rise to power in these nations often comes after prolonged periods of democratic governance plagued by inefficiency, corruption, and an inability to address the security challenges.

In Mali, the 2021 coup saw Colonel Assimi Goita overthrow President Ibrahim Boubacar Keita, citing the government’s failure to tackle the growing insurgency in the north. Similarly, in Burkina Faso, Captain Ibrahim Traoré’s 2022 coup was fueled by the growing insecurity from jihadist groups and the government’s inability to protect the civilian population. In Niger, Colonel Mohamed Bazoum’s government was toppled in 2023 due to escalating concerns over national security and perceived foreign influence.

The narrative the military regimes present to justify their actions often centers on their ability to restore security, sovereignty, and national pride. They argue that democratic leaders have failed to address the root causes of conflict and have allowed foreign influence—particularly from former colonial powers and international organizations—to undermine the region’s stability. Military leaders claim they are the only ones capable of ensuring peace, security, and national independence.

However, the justification for these coups often leaves much to be desired in terms of governance. While the military governments promise to restore order and security, the question remains: Can they truly offer a sustainable and inclusive future for these nations?

Regional Integration, Economic Cooperation, and Security within ECOWAS. One of the key benefits of regional cooperation in West Africa has been the establishment of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The organization plays a crucial role in promoting economic integration, fostering cooperation between member states, and addressing security threats collectively. ECOWAS has been instrumental in efforts such as conflict resolution, peacekeeping, and maintaining democratic norms.

The military regimes’ approach to governance often clashes with ECOWAS’ principles. For instance, ECOWAS has consistently condemned coups, imposing sanctions on regimes that seize power by force. The organization’s commitment to constitutional order and democracy has earned it respect as a model of governance across Africa. However, with the rise of military regimes in the Sahel, there is a growing tension between regional unity under ECOWAS and the military leadership in these countries.

ECOWAS has faced criticism for being reactive rather than proactive in addressing the underlying issues that fuel military coups. Many believe the organization must do more to address issues like corruption, poor governance, and the failure to secure the region. Furthermore, economic cooperation among ECOWAS countries is key to development, and military take overs have the potential to disrupt trade, investments, and economic stability.

Despite these challenges, there are opportunities for continued cooperation and regional integration. The military regimes, in some cases, have expressed interest in maintaining ties with ECOWAS, although their actions often conflict with the organization’s democratic values. The question remains whether these governments will use their new found power to engage meaningfully within the regional framework, or if they will pursue isolationist policies that hinder regional development.

Constitutional Order: A Model for Stability. In contrast to military rule, constitutional governance remains a beacon of hope for lasting stability in West Africa. Constitutional order provides a framework for checks and balances, the protection of human rights, and the peaceful transfer of power. The success of countries like Ghana and Senegal, which have remained committed to constitutional democracy, highlights the potential for African nations to thrive under democratic governance.

For the Sahel countries, the restoration of constitutional order is not just desirable but necessary. Democracy, though imperfect, offers a long-term solution to issues of governance, economic development, and security. ECOWAS should remain a staunch advocate for constitutional rule, emphasizing the importance of peaceful transitions, democratic accountability, and the rule of law.

A Call for Rethinking Africa’s Future. While military regimes in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger have portrayed themselves as saviors in the face of instability, they must now demonstrate their commitment to long-term peace, development, and governance. The region cannot afford to continue down a path where military rule is normalized as a solution to governance challenges.

AES (Africa’s Emerging States) must reconsider their approach to these developments. They must emphasize the need for constitutional governance as the foundation for sustainable peace and prosperity. Military governments, while promising security, often fail to deliver the kind of inclusive, democratic processes necessary for true national progress. AES countries should encourage their leaders to invest in democratic institutions, promote economic cooperation, and foster regional stability, ensuring that military rule remains an exception, not the rule.

The time has come for a collective commitment to constitutional order. AES countries must lead by example, showing that Africa’s future lies in the strength of democratic governance, regional cooperation, and respect for the rule of law. The military incursions in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger may be a symptom of a deeper crisis, but they should not become the new norm for governance in Africa. Only by upholding constitutional democracy can the Sahel region and the entire continent chart a course toward lasting stability and prosperity.

The rise of military regimes in the Sahel is a complex issue that requires careful consideration. While security challenges are real, the answer to Africa’s woes lies in strengthening democratic institutions, regional cooperation, and the respect for constitutional governance. AES and other African states must recognize that military rule can only offer a temporary solution, and long-term stability will come through investment in democratic processes, inclusive economic growth, and the promotion of security within the ECOWAS framework.